Oryctolagus cuniculus, commonly known as the European rabbit, is a small herbivorous mammal belonging to the Leporidae family. The species is native to the Iberian Peninsula, including Portugal and Spain, and later spread across many regions of the world due to human introductions.
The European rabbit plays a fundamental ecological role in Mediterranean and Iberian ecosystems, acting as a key prey species for many predators.
European rabbits typically inhabit open landscapes with grasses, shrubs and soft soils, where they can easily dig burrows. They often occupy meadows, agricultural areas, scrubland and forest edges.
In landscapes such as Vale do Lourêdo, the mosaic of grasslands, hedgerows and woodland edges provides ideal conditions for rabbit colonies.
The European rabbit usually measures around 40 cm in body length and weighs between 1.2 and 2 kilograms.
It has relatively short ears compared to hares, powerful hind legs adapted for running and jumping, and a short tail. Its fur generally ranges from grey-brown to sandy tones, helping it blend into natural environments.
Unlike many similar species, rabbits are highly social animals and live in groups known as colonies. These colonies occupy complex underground burrow systems called warrens, which provide shelter from predators and harsh weather.
Individuals usually remain close to their burrows, venturing out mainly to feed.
The European rabbit is strictly herbivorous, feeding primarily on grasses, herbaceous plants and young shoots, although the exact diet varies depending on the season and local vegetation.
They often prefer tender plant growth such as young leaves and sprouts.
The European rabbit is considered a keystone species in Iberian ecosystems because it serves as the main prey for many predators. For example, it forms the majority of the diet of species such as the Iberian lynx and several birds of prey.
Changes in rabbit populations can therefore have significant effects on entire food webs and ecosystem dynamics.